DMS and SO2 at Baring Head, New Zealand: Implications for the Yield of SO2 from DMS     

Warren J. de Bruyn  Mike Harvey  Jill M. Cainey  Eric S. Saltzman 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,41(2):189-209

Atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations were measured at Baring Head, New Zealandduring February and March 2000. Anti-correlated DMS and SO₂ diurnalcycles, consistent with the photochemical production of SO₂ from DMS, were observed in clean southerly air off the ocean. The data is used to infer a yield of SO₂ from DMS oxidation. The estimated yields are highly dependent on assumptions about the DMS oxidation rate. Fitting the measured data in a photochemical box model using model-generated OH levels and the Hynes et al. (1986) DMS + OH rate constant suggests that theSO₂ yield is 50–100%, similar to current estimates for the tropical Pacific.However, the observed amplitude of the DMS diurnal cycle suggests that the oxidation rate is higher than that used by the model, and therefore, that theSO₂ yield is lower in the range of 20–40%.  相似文献   

贵州关岭生物群中植物化石的发现及其意义   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  

孟繁松  汪啸风  陈孝红  陈辉明  张振来  徐光洪  陈立德  王传尚  孙亚莉 《地层学杂志》2002,26(3):170-172,T001,T002

关岭生物群是近年来在我国贵州关岭地区瓦窑组中发现的一个十分重要的生物群 ,其中的植物化石经研究计有 Equisetites cf.arenaceus(Jaeger) Bronn.、Ctenozamitessarrani Zeiller。依据植物化石 C.sarrani常见于晚三叠世和 E.cf.arenaceus系似木贼属中较古老的类型 ,指出含植物化石的地层时代为晚三叠世卡尼期。瓦窑组系海相沉积 ,其中的植物化石无疑为异地埋藏 ,但从化石通常保存尚好来看 ,估计搬运的距离不会很远 ,它们可能是从距海岸不远的陆地被河流带到较平静的海湾或海槽而沉积下来的。此外 ,从该组植物茎干化石具清楚的年轮分析 ,推测卡尼期时 ,贵州关岭一带为非热带雨林地区 ,一年中气候不是四季如一 ,而是有明显的季节变化  相似文献   

国际冰芯与气候环境研究新进展--关于国际"冰芯与气候"会议     

姚檀栋  王宁练  任贾文  侯书贵  效存德  叶玉江 《冰川冻土》2002,24(6):806-811

2001年8月19～23日, 在格陵兰举行了规模空前的"冰芯与气候"国际盛会, 会议展示了冰芯与气候环境研究的最新进展. 文中介绍这次会议并概括了近年来的主要研究进展. 与南北极地区的冰芯研究相比, 中低纬度地区冰芯研究是近年来国际冰芯研究中发展最快的. 在这一研究中, 中国科学家做出了重要贡献并得到了国际同行的高度评价.  相似文献   

运用层序不对称性分析海平面变化特征     

周雁  陈洪德  王成善  王正元  梁西文  文可东 《矿物岩石》2002,22(2):58-63

目前研究海平面变化的方法尚不能精确确定海平面变化，对记录海平面变化的沉积体或层序物质组成及结构特点的研究尚显薄弱。在分析层序不对称性与海平面变化的关系基础，提出层序不对称系数S0，认为海平面的升降变化对浅水沉积区影响显著，其结果必然造成层序S0的增加；海平面的升降变化对沉水沉积区影响不大，层序S0较为恒定。对进行详细研究中扬子区S0分布特点，运用S0曲线计算了中扬子区海平面变化特点，并与其他方法进行对比，认为可以用S0判断水体相对深浅，分析海平面变化。  相似文献   

地幔热柱及其成矿作用研究     

牛树银  孙爱群  谢汝斌  许传诗  王宝德  杨志宏  毕伏科  孙冀凡 《华北地质》2002,25(1):11-22

成矿作用研究表明 ,在地球的演化历史中 ,成矿数量有从少到多 ,聚矿能力有由弱到强的演化趋势。中生代为全球规模的成矿大爆发阶段 ,究其原因可能与地球的发展演化密切相关。地球形成的早期 ,由于地球物质尚未充分分异 ,成矿强度不大。当然 ,有部分在地球演化早期形成的矿床 ,在后来的多次构造改造过程中被改造迁移 ,甚至消失。中生代地球进入了一个强烈的地幔热柱活动时期 ,聚集于D”层及外核的成矿物质可通过地幔热柱多级演化向上迁移 ,并在幔枝构造的有利构造扩容带中成矿 ,幔枝构造则成为中生代主要的成矿控矿构造类型  相似文献   

Simultaneous use of geochemical and geophysical methods to characterise abandoned landfills     

José F. Noguera  Lluís Rivero  Xavier Font  Andrés Navarro  Francisco Martínez 《Environmental Geology》2002,41(8):898-905

. Groundwater sampling and geophysical methods determined a serious contamination problem associated with refilled exploitation sites at the Cal Dimoni area, Llobregat delta, Barcelona, Spain. To characterise this process, hydrogeochemical analyses were performed and showed the following modifications to groundwater chemical composition: increasing pH values, changing redox conditions, significant increases in total organic carbon (TOC) and certain trace elements, and high groundwater conductivity values. Major ion content accumulations were found under the refilled area. In contrast, elements involved in the oxidation–reduction processes, such as iron, manganese and nitrates, clearly diminished. Electromagnetic prospecting methods were also performed and delineated the contamination plume extent. These methods also showed separate sources of contamination, one clearly related to the groundwater–refilled zone leachate interaction, another as a consequence of the manure–accumulation surface site. Geochemical and geophysical methods have shown similar results for locating groundwater contamination sources, and for determining leachate generation mechanisms and flow paths.  相似文献   

Far field effects of Alpine plate tectonism in the Iberian microplate recorded by fault-related denudation in the Spanish Central System     

C. H. de Bruijne  P. A. M. Andriessen 《Tectonophysics》2002,349(1-4)

Apatite fission track analysis was performed on 56 samples from central Spain to unravel the far field effects of the Alpine plate tectonic history of Iberia. The modelled thermal histories reveal complex cooling in the Cenozoic, indicative of intermittent denudation. Accelerated cooling events occurred across the Spanish Central System (SCS) from the Middle Eocene to Recent. These accelerated cooling events resulted in up to 2.8±0.9 km of denudation in the western Sierra de Gredos and 3.6±1.0 km in the central and eastern Gredos (assuming a paleogeothermal gradient of 28±5 °C and a surface temperature of 10 °C). The greatest amount of denudation (5.0±1.6 km) occurred in the Sierra de Guadarrama. Accompanying rock uplift was 4.7±1.0 and 5.9±1.6 km in the eastern Gredos and Guadarrama, respectively. Most denudation in the Gredos occurred from the Middle Eocene to the Early Miocene and can be related to the N–S stress field, induced by the Pyrenean compression. In the Guadarrama, the greatest denudation was Pliocene to Recent of age and seems related to the ongoing NW–SE Betic compression. The fact that the formation of the E–W trending Gredos coincides with the N–S Pyrenean compression and the creation of the present day morphology of the NE–SW trending Guadarrama with the younger NW–SE Betic compression, indicates that they record the far field effects of Alpine plate tectonics on Iberia. The trend of pre-existing lineaments was of major importance in influencing the style and magnitude of these of far field effects.  相似文献   

Sludge weathering and mobility of contaminants in soil affected by the Aznalcollar tailing dam spill (SW Spain)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

C. Domnech  C. Ayora  J. de Pablo 《Chemical Geology》2002,190(1-4):355-370

As a result of the collapse of the Aznalcollar mine tailings dam, a large extension of the Guadiamar valley in SW Spain was covered with a layer of pyrite sludge. Although most of the sludge was removed, a small amount remains in the soil, constituting a potential source of water pollution. A column experiment was carried out in order to determine the rate of sludge oxidation in the soil, and the existence of metal retention processes. The column was filled with a mixture of sludge and a sandy soil common in the region. At different time intervals, the column was leached with water and the resulting solution analysed.

The pH of the water dropped to values around 2 after 260 days and then remained constant due to the buffering role of silicate dissolution. The concentration of Zn, Cd and Co in the leachates matched the expected values from flow-through experiments at atmospheric oxygen pressure. This indicates that oxygen diffusion in the pores was complete. Moreover, no efficient processes existed for retaining Zn, Cd and Co, which formed soluble salts and were entirely incorporated into the infiltrating water. During the first 2 months of the experiment, when pH was higher than 4.5, the concentrations of Fe and Al were very low. Saturation indices showed that the solution was in equilibrium with amorphous Fe(OH)₃ and Al(OH)₃. Subsequently, at lower pH values, jarosite [(Na,K)Fe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆] formed. This solid phase was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Jarosite was also responsible for the depletion of As, Pb, Sb and probably Tl in the water resulting from infiltration.  相似文献   

Image analysis applied to quantitative evaluation of chromatic impact generated by open-pit quarries and mines     

Victor Pinto  Xavier Font  Miquel Salgot  Jose Tapias  Tomas Mañá 《Environmental Geology》2002,41(5):495-503

One of the most important environmental impacts resulting from opencast mining, and especially quarries, is the visual impact. Evaluation of this impact considers two aspects: first, the area occupied by the quarry as seen by an observer from a specific place, and, second, the chromatic contrast existing between landscape and exploitation. In this study we develop a methodology to assess the chromatic impact in an objective and comparable form. To assess this impact we developed a method based on image analysis that allows us to obtain from a picture or image its equivalent as a function of chromatic impact, according to the sensibility of the human eye to different wavelengths. The methodology was applied to the Martinenca limestone quarry (Alcanar, Tarragona) and to Cerro Kori Kollo mine, La Joya district (Bolivia).  相似文献   

The El Salvador earthquakes of January and February 2001: context, characteristics and implications for seismic risk     

J. J. Bommer  M. B. Benito  M. Ciudad-Real  A. Lemoine  M. A. Lpez-Menjívar  R. Madariaga  J. Mankelow  P. Mndez de Hasbun  W. Murphy  M. Nieto-Lovo  C. E. Rodríguez-Pineda  H. Rosa 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(5)

The small Central American republic of El Salvador has experienced, on average, one destructive earthquake per decade during the last hundred years. The latest events occurred on 13 January and 13 February 2001, with magnitudes M_w 7.7 and 6.6, respectively. The two events, which were of different tectonic origin, follow the patterns of the seismicity of the region although neither event has a known precedent in the earthquake catalogue in terms of size and location. The earthquakes caused damage to thousands of traditionally built houses and triggered hundreds of landslides, which were the main causes of fatalities. The earthquakes have clearly demonstrated trends of increasing seismic risk in El Salvador due to rapid population expansion in areas of high shaking and landslide hazard, exacerbated by deforestation and uncontrolled urbanisation. The institutional mechanisms required for the control of land use and building practice are very weak and present a major obstacle to risk mitigation.  相似文献